Paper Collection - IR Drop & EM Research

Non-Prediction

這類論文不使用 AI 預測數值，而是透過「新硬體架構 (BSPDN)」或「演算法優化 (Optimization)」直接解決 IR Drop 問題。

Backside Power Delivery Network (BSPDN)

背面供電技術，2nm 製程後的熱門解法

1. Reinforcement Learning-Based Optimization of Back-side Power Delivery Networks in VLSI Design for IR-drop Reduction
   • Tag: RL, Architecture Optimization
2. A Design Methodology for Back-side Power and Clock Routing Co-Optimization
   • Tag: Co-Design, Routing

Vector Generation

主動生成測試向量以進行 Sign-off，而非被動預測

1. Peak Power and Dynamic IR-drop Assessment via Waveform Augmenting
   • Tag: Validation, Waveform Generation, ICCAD

Differentiable Optimization

將佈局與尺寸調整數學化，進行梯度下降求解

1. Fusion of Global Placement and Gate Sizing with Differentiable Optimization
   • Tag: Placement, Sizing, Math-heavy

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Electromigration (EM) & Reliability

EM 是 IR Drop 的孿生問題。這類論文專注於金屬線壽命與可靠度，通常與電流密度優化有關。

EM-Aware Routing & Optimization

1. Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) for Electromigration Analysis
   • Why: 這是不做純 Data-driven 預測的最佳替代方案。PINNs 結合了 PDEs 與 AI，能更準確地模擬 EM 應力演變，而不只是猜壽命。
   • Tag: Physics-ML, Reliability
2. EM-Aware Analog/Mixed-Signal Routing with Reinforcement Learning
   • Why: 類比電路或電源線的 EM 很難解，這類論文通常使用 RL agent 來畫出不會違反 EM 規則的線。
   • Tag: Routing, RL

Multi-Physics Co-Optimization (Thermal + EM + IR)

1. Machine Learning-Based Thermal and EM Joint Optimization for 3D-IC
   • Why: 3D-IC 的散熱會惡化 EM。這類論文探討如何同時調整電壓 (解決 IR) 和 溫度 (解決 EM)。
   • Tag: 3D-IC, Multi-physics

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Generative AI for Power Grid

利用 Diffusion Model 或 GAN 直接生成完美的電源網格。

1. Power Grid Synthesis using Diffusion Models
   • Context: (搜尋關鍵字：Diffusion models for VLSI layout, Generative PDN design)
   • Why: 這是 2024-2025 另一個大熱點。以前是人畫 Power Grid 給 AI 檢查 (Prediction)；現在是讓 AI 直接畫出 (Generation) 符合 IR Drop 規範的 Grid。
   • Tag: Generative AI, Synthesis

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Prediction

使用 ML (CNN/GNN/U-Net) 預測 IR Drop 熱點與數值。

1. Real-Time Dynamic IR-drop Prediction for IR ECO
2. Dynamic IR-Drop Prediction through a Multi-Task U-Net with Package Effect Consideration
3. Fast IR Drop Estimation with Machine Learning

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Review & Foundation

1. Analysis of IR Drop for Robust Power Grid of Semiconductor Chip Design: A Review
2. DynamicVoltage(IR) Drop Analysis and Design Closure: Issues and Challenges